Basic properties of charges

1. Electric charge
   Most objects in the universe are made up of atoms, which in turn are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. These particles have mass, an inherent property of particles. Similarly, the electric charge is another intrinsic and fundamental property of particles. The nature of charges is understood through various experiments performed in the \( 19^{th} \) and \( 20^{th} \) century. The SI unit of charge is coulomb.
2. Conservation of charges
   Benjamin Franklin argued that when one object is rubbed with another object, charges get transferred from one to the other. Before rubbing, both objects are electrically neutral and rubbing simply transfers the charges from one object to the other. (For example, when a glass rod is rubbed against silk cloth, some negative charge are transferred from glass to silk. As a result, the glass rod is positively charged and silk cloth becomes negatively charged).From these observations, he concluded that charges are neither created nor destroyed but can only be transferred from one object to other. This is called conservation of total charges and is one of the fundamental conservation laws in physics. It is stated more generally in the following way. The total electric charge in the universe is constant and charge can neither be created nor be destroyed. In any physical process, the net change in charge will always be zero.
3. Quantization of charges
   What is the smallest amount of charge that can be found in nature? Experiments show that the charge on an electron is −e and the charge on the proton is +e. Here, e denotes the fundamental unit of charge. The charge q on any object is equal to an integral multiple of this fundamental unit of charge e.

$ q = ne $

Here \( n \) is any integer \( (0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \pm 3, \pm 4,…) \). This is called quantization of electric charge.

Robert Millikan in his famous experiment found that the value of \( e =1.6 \times 0^{–19} C\). The charge of an electron is \( -1.6 \times 10^{–19} C \) and the charge of the proton is \( +1.6 \times 10^{–19} C \). When a glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth, the number of charges transferred is usually very large, typically of the order of \( 10^{10} \). So the charge quantization is not appreciable at the macroscopic level. Hence the charges are treated to be continuous (not discrete). But at the microscopic level, quantization of charge plays a vital role.